Racism in Northern Irish Society Essay - 2935 Words

Q. Racism in Ireland and Northern Ireland is on the rise. Critically assess the explanations for this rise in either Ireland or Northern Ireland. (Word Count 2265) This working paper attempts to gain a better understanding of the causes of racism within Northern Ireland. In order to do this effectively, it is first necessary to look at the diverse meaning of racism as well as providing statistics to show that racism is a continuing problem within contemporary society. These statistics alone pose many problems through their collection and their questionable inability of response by the police and the criminal justice system (Haughey 2012). Policies and strategies that are put in place to tackle†¦show more content†¦This reflects the CJS and the Police’s inability to respond to hate crime, as the clearance rate has fallen from 20.5% in 2005/2006 to 12.5% in 2008/2009 (Haughey 2012). Only 12 out of 14,000 incidents of hate crime in the last five years have lead to successful prosecutions. Patrick Yu (executive director of Northern Ireland for ethnic minorities) would stress the importance of a blueprint to tackle hate race crime, similar to that of the Macpherson Report in England and Wales (Fergus 2010). The European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) which is implemented by the Human Rights Act 1998, states that authorities, ‘have the duty to act in a way which is compatible with the individual rights and freedoms contained in the ECHR,’ (Morrow, 2012: 1). If this policy is not adhered to, many violations occur, including; right to a fair trial, right to life and freedom of expression, etc (Morrow 2012). Under the Race Relations (NI) Order 1997, it is of statutory functions to, ‘promote good relations between persons of different racial groups’ (Equality Commission for Northern Ireland 2012). In looking at the racial equality strategy of 2005-2010, the strategy aimed to; eliminate unlawful discrimination, promote equality of opportunity and to pr tackle racial inequalities, eradicate racism and hate crime alongside the policy for ‘A shared future’ to promote good relations (A racial Equality Strategy for Northern Ireland 2007).Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Irish Way by James R. Barrett1572 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis The book, â€Å"The Irish Way† by James R. Barrett is a masterpiece written to describe the life of Irish immigrants who went to start new lives in America after conditions at home became un-accommodative. Widespread insecurity, callous English colonizers and the ghost of great famine still lingering on and on in their lives, made this ethnic group be convinced that home was longer a home anymore. They descended in United States of America in large numbers. James R. Barrett in his book notesRead MoreThe Hegemonic Construction Of Ireland2740 Words   |  11 PagesMigration has fundamentally changed the nature of Irish society. Ireland has recently become a country of immigration; nonetheless the changes have been rapid and have changed the country significantly both north and south of the boarder. It is one of a number of peripheral European countries which has transformed from having a lengthy history of emigration, to becoming a recipient of substantial inward migration. In Ireland today, migration â€Å"Is one of the topics under discussion† (Gilmartin WhiteRead MoreThe Age Of The Civil War1592 Words   |  7 Pagesgeographical area. There were pros and there were cons during this time in America. The cons seemed to outweigh the pros; racism, wars, and other societal problems became major issues within North America. The age of the Civil War revealed the United of States Americas societal and racial issues in great depth. Acts of murder, assault, larceny, and destruction all took place in the Northern hemisphere of America. There were a series of riots that took place after the announcement of the draft law. The DraftRead MoreIrish Immigrants and the New York Draft Riots of 18631453 Words   |  6 Pageswho opposed to the Civil War, draft and Emancipation Proclamation. This paper will discuss how the Irish immigrants in New York affected the draft riots of 1863, and the reason behind their participation, exploring specifically the social, cl ass and racial issues the Irish immigrants faced. The United States saw an influx of Irish immigrants due to the Great Famine (potatoes) in Ireland. The Irish were misunderstood especially in New York because many of them came from the rural farm lands in IrelandRead MoreDefusing the Conflict in Northern Ireland1499 Words   |  6 Pagesreligious discrepancy had a real effect on the Irish people, interfering with their Catholic tradition. The Irish people had longed for independence from the British for a long time; but, Britain really managed to agitate the Irish when they sent settlers from Britain and Scotland to settle in Northern Ireland. This agitation eventually grew into the Northern Ireland War, as the Protestants began to take control. If the Protestants had just settled into Northern Ireland and went about their life, thereRead MoreTerrorism Influences1537 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorist attacks. â€Å"Through the past two hundred years, terrorism has been used to achieve political ends and has developed as a tool fo r liberation, oppression, and international global politics† (â€Å"State Of Delaware†, 2012). The Russian Revolution and Irish Republican Army Influence on Western Hemisphere The Russian revolution was responsible for the deaths of thousands of people. It was here that the idealization of revolutionary terrorism first surfaced. â€Å"Revolutionary Terrorism emerged as a strategicRead MoreThe Speed And Lowered The Expense Of Commerce845 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigration. Many immigrants settled in northern states. Numerous factors inspired this massive flow of population across the Atlantic. European economic conditions were going down. Introduction of the ocean-going steamship made trans-Atlantic transportation more convenient. American religious and political freedoms attracted many Europeans fleeing from the failed revolutions of 1848. The Irish were refugees from disaster, fleeing the Irish potato famine. They filled manyRead MoreImmigration In The 19th Century Essay895 Words   |  4 Pageswithout immigration the creation of America would not have been possible. The majority of immigrants came to America for religious freedom and economic opportunities. However, for the most part before the 1870’s most immigrants were Protestants from northern and western Europe. These immigrants often migrated to the United States as families and usually lived on farms with family or friends who had already migrated beforehand. A lot of immigrants came to America with a plan or goal in mind. They oftenRead MoreThe United States And India1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped their societies through these divisions. They are still discriminated against and in some cases, a specific one being of the lack of education funds provided for Native American schools amongst the nation. With there being â€Å"The federal government is responsible for 183 native American schools across 23 statesâ €  and in ensuring an equalitarian learning system. (Mic, 2014) But so far has not yet done so. Social issues amongst Native American school equality have resulted from racism in the pastRead MoreRacism in the American Society in the 1920s Essay example1000 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in the American Society in the 1920s Black people have always been a part of Americas history. They were brought to America in the seventeenth century as slaves by white settlers. Slavery ended by the nineteenth century, and by this time there were more black Americans than white Americans in the southern states. However, Blacks always had a tough time, this is due to the stereotypical view that the people had of them. The whites believed that the Blacks were

Discrimination and the Family - 928 Words

How Discrimination/Prejudice Affects Families Discrimination and prejudice can have a generational impact on families and family members. I believe that a person can experience discrimination and prejudice in many different ways during their lifetime and that these experiences can produce this generational affect – how they see themselves or their family being treated, comments or behaviors exhibited by their family and their family’s culture towards themselves and others, how the media models any particular ethnic group, religion, political party, etc. In her article, â€Å"Getting Past Ideology For Effective Teaching,† Liz Grauerholz lists cultural ideologies that students bring into a classroom. She states, â€Å"they almost certainly have†¦show more content†¦How This Could Be Addressed on an Individual, Family, and/or Community Level Despite the political stance of law enforcement agencies that racial profiling is not allowed or in any way encou raged, R. Richard Banks in his article â€Å"Beyond Profiling: Race, Policing and the Drug War† writes â€Å"Professor William Stuntz has described racial profiling as ‘a fact of life that the legal system probably cannot change.’† (Banks, 2002) I agree with Professor Stuntz’s belief that racial profiling is not something that will be changed, especially by our legal system. At the same time, I believe that there could be mandatory education and awareness training for law enforcement officers and their families regarding the risks associated with bringing the job home. If spouses and children have the opportunity to understand why their spouse/parent who is in law enforcement has the perspective that they do, divorce rates and family disagreements could be decreased. At the same time, if an officer is made aware of the impact that these belief systems are having on the people in his/her life and be educated on potential coping mechanisms and way s to leave the job out of the home, the same outcome may be achieved of lower divorce rates and a healthier family relationship and interaction. Works CitedShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Discrimination Against Interracial Families746 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst interracial families. Still, in 2017, interracial families face scorn from our traditions society. These families face hatred and prejudice for the blending of cultures and are subjected to vocal hatred from members of the families and communities. Whether or not you feel the need to stand up for the hatred interracial families receive, you should continue reading to gain more knowledge on the prevalence of interracial families in American, the harassment interracial families receive, and theRead More Effects of Family Responsibilities and Discrimination on the Career Progress of Women1801 Words   |  8 Pages2001). This is as a result of a number of barriers which prevent women from function effectively. Family responsibilities, stereotypes that have led to gender discrimination, are perhaps the most notable factors. Despite this negativity women can still perform exc eptionally well as senior managers; especially if effective work/life balance initiatives are undertaken. Family Responsibilities Family responsibilities-such as childbearing, rearing and other common household duties which have traditionallyRead MoreDescribe the Potential Effects of Discrimination. Ensure That You Include the Effects Discrimination Has on: the Individual; Families or Friends of the Individual; Those Who Inflict Discrimination; and the Wider Society.3311 Words   |  14 PagesA2 Applied Business Unit 8: Business Planning Task 6 Worksheet Task Six: Financial Planning YOU CANNOT START AND/OR COMPLETE THIS WITHOUT A FINAL SALES FORECAST AND A LIST OF ALL YOUR OPERATIONAL COSTS ------------------------------------------------- Lesson breakdown ------------------------------------------------- Lesson 1: †¢ Introduction to Financial Planning and how do we create an integrated plan: Focus on cash flow forecast using operations plan ------------------------------------------------- Read MoreIs It A Victim Of Persecution?1553 Words   |  7 Pages Herek Gillis,Kogan, Glunt, 1996, p. 697). The discrimination is another effect that the gay community is facing for the intolerance. In addition, discrimination in the work place has been affecting people who have a different sexual orientation. Discrimination can involve hiring practices mostly performed against employees with a different sexual orientation. Another effect of discrimination in the work place is firing. It is currently an illegal practice for an employerRead MoreIs It A Victim Of Persecution?1554 Words   |  7 Pages Herek Gillis,Kogan, Glunt, 1996, p. 697). The discrimination is another effect that the gay community is facing for the intolerance. In addition, discrimination in the workplace has been affecting people who have a different sexual orientation. Discrimination can involve hiring practices mostly performed against employees with a different sexual orientation. Another effect of discrimination in the workplace is firing. It is currently an illegal practice for an employerRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Is Play Written About A Family In The1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sun is play written about a family in the 1950’s, and the focus of the play is how racism affects that family. The family in the play tries to buy a house in a white neighborhood, and they have to deal with discriminatory housing practices and the threat of racial violence. A Raisin in the Sun is relevant today because a lot of the insights it makes about racism are still debated over today. One of the issues it tackles is racial vi olence. In the play, the family deals with the threat of racialRead MoreDiscrimination Against African American Race1133 Words   |  5 Pages Discrimination against the African American Race Brian Barracks Social Psychology Dr. G. Austin Abstract Discrimination against African-Americans has been going on for many decades. Many African-Americans are still suffering from the effects of this. Many people who discriminate do not bother to analyze the damage that this is causing. Many African-Americans are suffering from stress problems, mental health issue, and some suffer from chronic stress. This issue has escalated for manyRead MoreGender Discrimination And Equal Employment Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesGender Discrimination and Equal Employment Introduction Discrimination has existed since the beginning of time. Often time people discriminate upon individuals unintentionally, because of certain stereotypes that have associated with race, gender, and religion. The First Amendment of the United States gives each individual the freedom of not only religion, but expression, and speech. Yet, despite the many historic and recent efforts gender discrimination and inequality is still a major issue inRead MoreEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird1092 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination, it has been part of human nature for a long time, especially relevant subject in literature such as To Kill a Mockingbird. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, the main character of Scout Finch was exposed to different types of discrimination as she grows up. Discrimination affected the lives of characters in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mocking Bird because of society’s prejudicial views of race, gender, and class. Discrimination based on race is a huge part of this story, particularly

Integer Programming Problem Formulation free essay sample

This approach is advantageous compared to SVMs with Gaussian kernels in that it provides a natural construction of kernel matrices and it directly minimizes the number of basis functions. Traditional approaches for data classi? cation , that are based on partitioning the data sets into two groups, perform poorly for multi-class data classi? ca- tion problems. The proposed approach is based on the use of hyper-boxes for de? ning boundaries of the classes that include all or some of the points in that set. A mixed-integer programming model is developed  ¤Computer Scientist, Defence RD Org. , Min of Defence, Delhi-110054. email:[emailprotected] drdo. in, dhamija. [emailprotected] com, a k [emailprotected] com. Home- page:www. geocities. com/a k dhamija/ for representing existence of hyper-boxes and their boundaries. In addition, the relationships among the discrete decisions in the model are represented using propositional logic and then converted to their equivalent integer constraints using Boolean algebra. We will write a custom essay sample on Integer Programming Problem Formulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Image Contrast Enhancement and Image Recon- struction are being used for extracting knowledge from satellite images of the battle? ld or other terrains. This method has already been described in LP problem formulation in I semester assignment. Keywords: Integer linear Programming ,Pattern Classi? cation ,Multi Class data classi? cation , Image Reconstruction ,radial basis function (RBF) classi? ers , sigmoid function , SVM , Kernel and propositional logic 1 Pattern Classification Via Integer linear Programming Given the space in which objects to be classi? ed are represented, a classi? er partitions the space into dis- joint regions and associates them with di ®erent classes. If the underlying distribution is known, an optimal artition of the space can be obtained according to the Bayes decision rule. In practice, however, the underlying distribution is rarely known, and a learning algorithm has to generate a partition that is close to the optimal partition from the training data. The RCE network (1) is a learning algorithm that constructs a set of regions, e. g. , spheres, to represent each pattern class. It is easy to see that, with only a few spheres, there is a great chance that the training error will be high. With an excessively large number of spheres, however, the training error can be reduced, but at the expense of over? ting the data and degrading the performance on future data. Similar problems also exist in the radial basis function (RBF) networks and multi-layer sigmoid function networks. Therefore, a good learning algorithm has to strike a delicate balance between the training error and the complexity of the model. Existing Methods Used Various existing methods like Simulated Annealing , Neural Networks , Genetic algorithms and other classi- ?cation methods of supervised as well as unsupervised learning are being used. 1. 2 Proposed Method : ILP Problem Formulation Given a set of training examples, the minimum sphere overing approach seeks to construct a minimum num- ber of spheres (3) to cover the training examples cor- rectly. Let us denote the set of training examples by D = f(x1; y1); :::; (xn; yn)g where xi 2 Rd and yi 2 f? 1; 1g: For notational simplicity, we only consider the binary classi? cation problem. The task is to ? nd a set of class-speci? c spheres S = S1; :::; Sm such that xi 2 [ y(Sj)=yi Sj and xi =2 [ y(Sj )6=yi Sj ; 8i = 1; :::; n (1) where each sphere Si is characterized by its center c(Si), its radius r(Si) and its class y(Si). An exam- ple xi is covered by a sphere Sj , i. e. , xi 2 Sj , if d(xi; c(Sj))  · r(Sj ). A set of spheres S that satis? es the conditions in Eqn. (1) is called a consistent sphere cover of the data D. A sphere cover is minimal if there exists no other consis- tent sphere cover with a smaller number of spheres. We restrict ourselves to constructing a consistent sphere cover with spheres that are centered on training ex- amples, although in general spheres do not have to be centered on the training examples. In order to mini- mize the number of spheres in the sphere cover S, each sphere in S should cover as many training examples as possible without covering a training example belonging to a di ®erent class.